1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
YENTREVE* 20mg and 40mg hard gastro-resistant capsules.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each 20mg capsule contains 20mg of duloxetine (as hydrochloride).
Excipients 20mg: Each capsule contains 5.7mg sucrose.
Each 40mg capsule contains 40mg of duloxetine (as hydrochloride).
Excipients 40mg: Each capsule contains 11.5mg sucrose.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Hard gastro-resistant capsule.
The 20mg capsule has an opaque blue body, imprinted with '20mg', and an opaque blue cap, imprinted with '9544'.
The 40mg capsule has an opaque orange body, imprinted with '40mg', and an opaque blue cap, imprinted with '9545'.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
YENTREVE is indicated for women for the treatment of moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
YENTREVE is indicated in adults.
For further information see section 5.1.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Posology
The recommended dose of YENTREVE is 40mg twice daily, without regard to meals. After 2-4 weeks of treatment, patients should be re-assessed in order to evaluate the benefit and tolerability of the therapy. Some patients may benefit from starting treatment at a dose of 20mg twice daily for two weeks before increasing to the recommended dose of 40mg twice daily. Dose escalation may decrease, though not eliminate, the risk of nausea and dizziness.
A 20 mg capsule is also available. However, limited data are available to support the efficacy of YENTREVE 20mg twice daily.
The efficacy of YENTREVE has not been evaluated for longer than 3 months in placebo-controlled studies. The benefit of treatment should be re-assessed at regular intervals.
Combining YENTREVE with a pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) programme may be more effective than either treatment alone. It is recommended that consideration be given to concomitant PFMT.
Hepatic impairment
YENTREVE must not be used in women with liver disease resulting in hepatic impairment (see sections 4.3 and 5.2).
Renal impairment
No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance 30 to 80 ml/min). YENTREVE must not be used in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min; see section 4.3).
Elderly
Caution should be exercised when treating the elderly.
Children and Adolescents
Duloxetine is not recommended for use in children and adolescents due to insufficient data on safety and efficacy (see section 4.4).
Discontinuation of Treatment
Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided. When stopping treatment with YENTREVE the dose should be gradually reduced over a period of at least one to two weeks in order to reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.
Method of Administration
For oral use.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
Liver disease resulting in hepatic impairment (see section 5.2).
YENTREVE should not be used in combination with non selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (see section 4.5).
YENTREVE should not be used in combination with CYP1A2 inhibitors, like fluvoxamine, ciprofloxacin, or enoxacin, since the combination results in elevated plasma concentrations of duloxetine (see section 4.5).
Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30ml/min) (see section 4.4).
The initiation of treatment with YENTREVE is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension that could expose patients to a potential risk of hypertensive crisis (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Mania and Seizures
YENTREVE should be used with caution in patients with a history of mania or a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and/or seizures.
Use with Antidepressants
The use of YENTREVE in combination with antidepressants (especially with SSRI, SNRI, and reversible MAOIs) is not recommended (see below, 'Depression, suicidal ideation and behaviour', and section 4.5).
St John's Wort
Adverse reactions may be more common during concomitant use of YENTREVE and herbal preparations containing St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum).
Mydriasis
Mydriasis has been reported in association with duloxetine; therefore, caution should be used when prescribing duloxetine in patients with increased intra ocular pressure, or those at risk of acute narrow-angle glaucoma.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Duloxetine has been associated with an increase in blood pressure and clinically significant hypertension in some patients. This may be due to the noradrenergic effect of duloxetine. Cases of hypertensive crisis have been reported with duloxetine, especially in patients with pre-existing hypertension. Therefore, in patients with known hypertension and/or other cardiac disease, blood pressure monitoring is recommended, especially during the first month of treatment. Duloxetine should be used with caution in patients whose conditions could be compromised by an increased heart rate or by an increase in blood pressure. Caution should also be exercised when duloxetine is used with medicinal products that may impair its metabolism (see section 4.5). For patients who experience a sustained increase in blood pressure while receiving duloxetine, either dose reduction or gradual discontinuation should be considered (see section 4.8). In patients with uncontrolled hypertension, duloxetine should not be initiated (see section 4.3).
Renal Impairment
Increased plasma concentrations of duloxetine occur in patients with severe renal impairment on haemodialysis (creatinine clearance <30ml/min). For patients with severe renal impairment, see section 4.3. See section 4.2 for information on patients with mild or moderate renal dysfunction.
Haemorrhage
There have been reports of bleeding abnormalities, such as ecchymoses, purpura, and gastrointestinal haemorrhage, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), including duloxetine. Caution is advised in patients taking anticoagulants and/or medicinal products known to affect platelet function (e.g. NSAIDs or acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA)), and in patients with known bleeding tendencies.
Discontinuation of Treatment
Withdrawal symptoms when treatment is discontinued are common, particularly if discontinuation is abrupt (see section 4.8). In a clinical trial, adverse events seen on abrupt treatment discontinuation occurred in approximately 44% of patients treated with YENTREVE and 24% of patients taking placebo.
The risk of withdrawal symptoms seen with SSRIs and SNRIs may be dependent on several factors, including the duration and dose of therapy and the rate of dose reduction. The most commonly reported reactions are listed in section 4.8. Generally, these symptoms are mild to moderate; however, in some patients they may be severe in intensity. They usually occur within the first few days of discontinuing treatment, but there have been very rare reports of such symptoms in patients who have inadvertently missed a dose. Generally, these symptoms are self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks, though in some individuals they may be prolonged (2-3 months or more). It is therefore advised that duloxetine should be gradually tapered when discontinuing treatment over a period of no less than 2 weeks, according to the patient's needs (see section 4.2).
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia has been reported when administering YENTREVE, including cases with serum sodium lower than 110 mmol/l. Hyponatraemia may be due to a syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). The majority of cases of hyponatraemia were reported in the elderly, especially when coupled with a recent history of, or condition pre-disposing to, altered fluid balance. Caution is required in patients at increased risk for hyponatraemia, such as elderly, cirrhotic, or dehydrated patients or patients treated with diuretics.
Depression, Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour
Although YENTREVE is not indicated for the treatment of depression, its active ingredient (duloxetine) also exists as an antidepressant medicinal product. Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery. Patients with a history of suicide-related events or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal thoughts prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at a greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicidal behaviour, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant medicinal products in psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old. Cases of suicidal thoughts and suicidal behaviours have been reported during duloxetine therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.8). Physicians should encourage patients to report any distressing thoughts or feelings or depressive symptoms at any time. If, while on YENTREVE therapy, the patient develops agitation or depressive symptoms, specialised medical advice should be sought, as depression is a serious medical condition. If a decision to initiate antidepressant pharmacological therapy is taken, the gradual discontinuation of YENTREVE is recommended (see section 4.2).
Use in Children and Adolescents Under 18 Years of Age
No clinical trials have been conducted with duloxetine in paediatric populations. YENTREVE should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. Suicide-related behaviours (suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts) and hostility (predominantly aggression, oppositional behaviour, and anger) were more frequently observed in clinical trials among children and adolescents treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with placebo. Long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation, and cognitive and behavioural development are lacking.
Medicinal Products Containing Duloxetine
Duloxetine is used under different trademarks in several indications (treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain, major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and stress urinary incontinence). The use of more than one of these products concomitantly should be avoided.
Hepatitis/Increased Liver Enzymes
Cases of liver injury, including severe elevations of liver enzymes (>10-times upper limit of normal), hepatitis, and jaundice, have been reported with duloxetine (see section 4.8). Most of them occurred during the first months of treatment. The pattern of liver damage was predominantly hepatocellular. Duloxetine should be used with caution in patients treated with other medicinal products associated with hepatic injury.
Akathisia/Psychomotor Restlessness
The use of duloxetine has been associated with the development of akathisia, characterised by a subjectively unpleasant or distressing restlessness and need to move, often accompanied by an inability to sit or stand still. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.
Sucrose
YENTREVE hard gastro-resistant capsules contain sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, duloxetine should not be used in combination with non selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or within at least 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI. Based on the half-life of duloxetine, at least 5 days should be allowed after stopping YENTREVE before starting an MAOI (see section 4.3).
Inhibitors of CYP1A2: Because CYP1A2 is involved in duloxetine metabolism, concomitant use of YENTREVE with potent inhibitors of CYP1A2 is likely to result in higher concentrations of duloxetine. Fluvoxamine (100mg once daily), a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, decreased the apparent plasma clearance of duloxetine by about 77% and increased AUC0-t 6-fold. Therefore, YENTREVE should not be administered in combination with potent inhibitors of CYP1A2 like fluvoxamine (see section 4.3).
CNS medicinal products: Caution is advised when YENTREVE is taken in combination with other centrally acting medicinal products or substances, including alcohol and sedative medicinal products (e.g., benzodiazepines, morphinomimetics, antipsychotics, phenobarbital, sedative antihistamines).
Serotonin syndrome: In rare cases, serotonin syndrome has been reported in patients using SSRIs concomitantly with serotonergic medicinal products. The use of YENTREVE in combination with serotonergic antidepressants like SSRIs, tricyclics like clomipramine or amitriptyline, venlafaxine, or triptans, tramadol and tryptophan is not recommended.
Effect of Duloxetine on Other Medicinal Products
Medicinal products metabolised by CYP1A2: The pharmacokinetics of theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate, were not significantly affected by co-administration with duloxetine (60mg twice daily).
Medicinal products metabolised by CYP2D6: Duloxetine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. When duloxetine was administered at a dose of 60mg twice daily with a single dose of desipramine, a CYP2D6 substrate, the AUC of desipramine increased 3-fold. The co-administration of duloxetine (40mg twice daily) increases steady state AUC of tolterodine (2mg twice daily) by 71%, but does not affect the pharmacokinetics of its active 5-hydroxyl metabolite and no dosage adjustment is recommended. Caution is advised if YENTREVE is co-administered with medicinal products that are predominantly metabolised by CYP2D6 (risperidone, tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], such as nortriptyline, amitriptyline, and imipramine), particularly if they have a narrow therapeutic index (such as flecainide, propafenone, and metoprolol).
Oral contraceptives and other steroidal agents: Results of in vitro studies demonstrate that duloxetine does not induce the catalytic activity of CYP3A. Specific in vivo drug interaction studies have not been performed.
Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: Caution should be exercised when duloxetine is combined with oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents due to a potential increased risk of bleeding attributable to a pharmacodynamic interaction. Furthermore, increases in INR values have been reported when duloxetine was co-administered to patients treated with warfarin. However, concomitant administration of duloxetine with warfarin under steady state conditions, in healthy volunteers, as part of a clinical pharmacology study, did not result in a clinically significant change in INR from baseline or in the pharmacokinetics of R- or S-warfarin.
Effects of Other Medicinal Products on Duloxetine
Antacids and H2-antagonists: Co-administration of YENTREVE with aluminium- and magnesium-containing antacids or with famotidine had no significant effect on the rate or extent of duloxetine absorption after administration of a 40mg oral dose.
Inducers of CYP1A2: Population pharmacokinetic studies analyses have shown that smokers have almost 50% lower plasma concentrations of duloxetine compared with non-smokers.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy: There are no adequate data on the use of duloxetine in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at systemic exposure levels (AUC) of duloxetine lower than the maximum clinical exposure (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Epidemiological data have suggested that the use of SSRIs in pregnancy, particularly in late pregnancy, may increase the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN). Although no studies have investigated the association of PPHN to SNRI treatment, this potential risk cannot be ruled out with duloxetine taking into account the related mechanism of action (inhibition of the re-uptake of serotonin).
As with other serotonergic medicinal products, discontinuation symptoms may occur in the neonate after maternal duloxetine use near term. Discontinuation symptoms seen with duloxetine may include hypotonia, tremor, jitteriness, feeding difficulty, respiratory distress and seizures. The majority of cases have occurred either at birth or within a few days of birth.
YENTREVE should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus. Women should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant, or intend to become pregnant, during therapy.
Breast-feeding: Duloxetine is very weakly excreted into human milk based on a study of 6 lactating patients who did not breast feed their children. The estimated daily infant dose on a mg/kg basis is approximately 0.14% of the maternal dose (see section 5.2). As the safety of duloxetine in infants is not known, the use of YENTREVE while breast-feeding is not recommended.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. YENTREVE may be associated with sedation and dizziness. Patients should be instructed that if they experience sedation or dizziness they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
a. Summary of the safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse events in patients treated with YENTREVE in clinical trials in SUI and other lower urinary tract disorders were nausea, dry mouth, fatigue and constipation. The data analysis of four 12-week, placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with SUI, including 958 duloxetine-treated and 955 placebo-treated patients, showed that the onset of the reported adverse events typically occurred in the first week of therapy. However, the majority of the most frequent adverse events were mild to moderate and resolved within 30 days of occurrence (e.g., nausea).
b. Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
Table 1 gives the adverse reactions observed from spontaneous reporting and in placebo-controlled clinical trials (comprising a total of 8241 patients, 4504 on duloxetine and 3737 on placebo) in SUI and other lower urinary tract disorders.
Table 1: Adverse reactions
Frequency estimate: Very common (
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Very common
|
Common
|
Uncommon
|
Rare
|
Very Rare
|
Infections and Infestations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Laryngitis
|
|
|
Immune System Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyper-sensitivity disorder
|
Anaphylactic reaction
|
|
Endocrine Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypo-thyroidism
|
|
|
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Appetite decreased
|
Dehydration
|
Hyperglycaemia (reported especially in diabetic patients)
Hyponatraemia
SIADH6
|
|
Psychiatric Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Insomnia
Agitation
Libido decreased
Anxiety
Sleep disorder
|
Bruxism
Disorientation
Apathy
Orgasm abnormal
Abnormal dreams
|
Suicidal behaviour5,6
Suicidal ideation5,7
Mania6
Hallucinations
Aggression and anger4,6
|
|
Nervous System Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Headache
Dizziness
Lethargy
Somnolence
Tremor
Paraesthesia
|
Nervousness
Disturbance in attention
Dysgeusia
Poor quality sleep
|
Serotonin syndrome6
Convulsions1,6
Myoclonus
Akathisia6
Psychomotor restlessness6
Extra-pyramidal symptoms6
Dyskinesia
Restless legs syndrome
|
|
Eye Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Blurred vision
|
Mydriasis
Visual impairment
Dry eye
|
Glaucoma
|
|
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vertigo
|
Tinnitus1
Ear pain
|
|
|
Cardiac Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palpitations
Tachycardia
|
Supra-ventricular arrhythmia, mainly atrial fibrillation6
|
|
Vascular Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypertension3,7
Flushing
|
Syncope2
Blood pressure increase3
|
Hypertensive crisis3
Orthostatic hypotension2
Peripheral coldness
|
|
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yawning
|
Throat tightness
Epistaxis
|
|
Gastrointestinal Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
Nausea (22.8%)
Dry mouth (12.1%)
Constipation (10.3%)
|
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Dyspepsia
|
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage7
Gastroenteritis
Stomatitis
Eructation
Gastritis
Flatulence
Breath odour
|
Haematochezia
|
|
Hepato-biliary Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis3
Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase)
Acute liver injury
|
Hepatic failure6
Jaundice6
|
|
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sweating increased
|
Rash
Night sweats
Urticaria
Dermatitis contact
Cold sweat
Increased tendency to bruise
|
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome6
Angio-neurotic oedema6
Photo-sensitivity reactions
|
|
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Musculo-skeletal pain
Muscle tightness
Muscle spasm
Trismus
|
Muscle twitching
|
|
Renal and Urinary Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urinary hesitation
Dysuria
Nocturia
Urine odour abnormal
|
Urinary retention6
Polyuria
Urine flow decreased
|
|
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gynaecological haemorrhage
Menopausal symptoms
|
Menstrual disorder
Galactorrhoea
Hyperprolactinaemia
|
|
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
|
|
|
|
|
Fatigue (10.9%)
|
Asthenia
Chills
|
Chest pain7
Falls8
Feeling abnormal
Feeling cold
Thirst
Malaise
Feeling hot
|
Gait disturbance
|
|
Investigations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight decrease
Weight increase
Blood cholesterol increased
Blood creatine phosphokinase increased
|
Blood potassium increased
|
|
1 Cases of convulsion and cases of tinnitus have also been reported after treatment discontinuation.
2 Cases of orthostatic hypotension and syncope have been reported especially at the initiation of treatment.
3 See section 4.4.
4 Cases of aggression and anger have been reported particularly early in treatment or after treatment discontinuation.
5 Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during duloxetine therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4).
6 Estimated frequency of post-marketing surveillance reported adverse reactions; not observed in placebo-controlled clinical trials.
7 Not statistically significantly different from placebo.
8 Falls were more common in the elderly (65 years old).
c. Description of selected adverse reactions
Discontinuation of duloxetine (particularly when abrupt) commonly leads to withdrawal symptoms. Dizziness, sensory disturbances (including paraesthesia), sleep disturbances (including insomnia and intense dreams), fatigue, somnolence, agitation or anxiety, nausea and/or vomiting, tremor, headache, irritability, diarrhoea, hyperhydrosis and vertigo are the most commonly reported reactions.
Generally, for SSRIs and SNRIs, these events are mild to moderate and self-limiting; however, in some patients they may be severe and/or prolonged. It is therefore advised that when duloxetine treatment is no longer required, gradual discontinuation by dose tapering should be carried out (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
The heart rate-corrected QT interval in duloxetine-treated patients did not differ from that seen in placebo-treated patients. No clinically significant differences were observed for QT, PR, QRS, or QTcB measurements between duloxetine-treated and placebo-treated patients.
In the 12 week acute phase of three clinical trials of duloxetine in patients with diabetic neuropathic pain, small but statistically significant increases in fasting blood glucose were observed in duloxetine-treated patients. HbA1c was stable in both duloxetine-treated and placebo-treated patients. In the extension phase of these studies, which lasted up to 52 weeks, there was an increase in HbA1c in both the duloxetine and routine care groups, but the mean increase was 0.3% greater in the duloxetine-treated group. There was also a small increase in fasting blood glucose and in total cholesterol in duloxetine-treated patients, while those laboratory tests showed a slight decrease in the routine care group.
4.9 Overdose
Cases of overdoses, alone or in combination with other medicinal products, with duloxetine doses of 5400 mg were reported. Some fatalities have occurred, primarily with mixed overdoses, but also with duloxetine alone at a dose of approximately 1000 mg. Signs and symptoms of overdose (duloxetine alone or in combination with other medicinal products) included somnolence, coma, serotonin syndrome, seizures, vomiting and tachycardia.
No specific antidote is known for duloxetine but if serotonin syndrome ensues, specific treatment (such as with cyproheptadine and/or temperature control) may be considered. A free airway should be established. Monitoring of cardiac and vital signs is recommended, along with appropriate symptomatic and supportive measures. Gastric lavage may be indicated if performed soon after ingestion or in symptomatic patients. Activated charcoal may be useful in limiting absorption. Duloxetine has a large volume of distribution and forced diuresis, haemoperfusion, and exchange perfusion are unlikely to be beneficial.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other antidepressants. ATC code: N06AX21.
Mechanism of action: Duloxetine is a combined serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor. It weakly inhibits dopamine reuptake, with no significant affinity for histaminergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.
Pharmacodynamic effects: In animal studies, increased levels of 5-HT and NE in the sacral spinal cord lead to increased urethral tone via enhanced pudendal nerve stimulation to the urethral striated sphincter muscle only during the storage phase of the micturition cycle. A similar mechanism in women is believed to result in stronger urethral closure during urine storage with physical stress that could explain the efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of women with SUI.
Clinical efficacy and safety: The efficacy of duloxetine 40mg given twice daily in the treatment of SUI was established in four double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that randomised 1,913 women (22 to 83 years) with SUI; of these, 958 patients were randomised to duloxetine and 955 to placebo. The primary efficacy measures were incontinence episode frequency (IEF) from diaries and an incontinence specific Quality of Life Questionnaire score (I-QoL).
Incontinence episode frequency: In all four studies the duloxetine-treated group had a 50% or greater median decrease in IEF compared with 33% in the placebo-treated group. Differences were observed at each visit after 4 weeks (duloxetine 54% and placebo 22%), 8 weeks (52% and 29%), and 12 weeks (52% and 33%) of medication.
In an additional study limited to patients with severe SUI, all responses with duloxetine were achieved within 2 weeks.
The efficacy of YENTREVE has not been evaluated for longer than 3 months in placebo-controlled studies. The clinical benefit of YENTREVE compared with placebo has not been demonstrated in women with mild SUI, defined in randomised trials as those with IEF <14 per week. In these women, YENTREVE may provide no benefit beyond that afforded by more conservative behavioural interventions.
Quality of Life: Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QoL) Questionnaire scores were significantly improved in the duloxetine-treated patient group compared with the placebo-treated group (9.2 versus 5.9 score improvement; P <0.001). Using a global improvement scale (PGI), significantly more women using duloxetine considered their symptoms of stress incontinence to be improved with treatment compared with women using placebo (64.6% versus 50.1%; P <0.001).
YENTREVE and prior continence surgery: There are limited data that suggest that the benefits of YENTREVE are not diminished in women with stress urinary incontinence who have previously undergone continence surgery.
YENTREVE and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT): During a 12-week blinded, randomised, controlled study, YENTREVE demonstrated greater reductions in IEF compared with either placebo treatment or with PFMT alone. Combined therapy (duloxetine + PFMT) showed greater improvement in both pad use and condition-specific quality of life measures than YENTREVE alone or PFMT alone.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Yentreve in all subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. See section 4.2 for information on paediatric use.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Duloxetine is administered as a single enantiomer. Duloxetine is extensively metabolised by oxidative enzymes (CYP1A2 and the polymorphic CYP2D6), followed by conjugation. The pharmacokinetics of duloxetine demonstrate large intersubject variability (generally 50-60%), partly due to gender, age, smoking status, and CYP2D6 metaboliser status.
Absorption: Duloxetine is well absorbed after oral administration, with a Cmax occurring 6 hours post-dose. The absolute oral bioavailability of duloxetine ranged from 32% to 80% (mean of 50%). Food delays the time to reach the peak concentration from 6 to 10 hours and it marginally decreases the extent of absorption (approximately 11 %). These changes do not have any clinical significance.
Distribution: Duloxetine is approximately 96% bound to human plasma proteins. Duloxetine binds to both albumin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein. Protein binding is not affected by renal or hepatic impairment.
Biotransformation: Duloxetine is extensively metabolised and the metabolites are excreted principally in urine. Both cytochromes P450-2D6 and 1A2 catalyse the formation of the two major metabolites, glucuronide conjugate of 4-hydroxy duloxetine and sulphate conjugate of 5-hydroxy 6-methoxy duloxetine. Based upon in vitro studies, the circulating metabolites of duloxetine are considered pharmacologically inactive. The pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in patients who are poor metabolisers with respect to CYP2D6 has not been specifically investigated. Limited data suggest that the plasma levels of duloxetine are higher in these patients.
Elimination: The elimination half-life of duloxetine ranges from 8 to 17 hours (mean of 12 hours). After an intravenous dose, the plasma clearance of duloxetine ranges from 22 l/hr to 46 l/hr (mean of 36 l/hr). After an oral dose, the apparent plasma clearance of duloxetine ranges from 33 to 261 l/hr (mean 101 l/hr).
Special Populations
Gender: Pharmacokinetic differences have been identified between males and females (apparent plasma clearance is approximately 50% lower in females). Based upon the overlap in the range of clearance, gender-based pharmacokinetic differences do not justify the recommendation for using a lower dose for female patients.
Age: Pharmacokinetic differences have been identified between younger and elderly females (
Renal impairment: End stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving dialysis had 2-fold higher duloxetine Cmax and AUC values compared with healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetic data on duloxetine is limited in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment: Moderate liver disease (Child-Pugh Class B) affected the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine. Compared with healthy subjects, the apparent plasma clearance of duloxetine was 79% lower, the apparent terminal half-life was 2.3 times longer, and the AUC was 3.7 times higher in patients with moderate liver disease. The pharmacokinetics of duloxetine and its metabolites have not been studied in patients with mild or severe hepatic insufficiency.
Breast-feeding mothers: The disposition of duloxetine was studied in 6 lactating women who were at least 12- weeks postpartum. Duloxetine is detected in breast milk, and steady state concentrations in breast milk are about one-fourth those in plasma. The amount of duloxetine in breast milk
